Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

in the preliminary stages

Толкование Перевод

1 preliminary

preliminary [prɪ'lɪmɪnərɪ] (pl preliminaries)

1 adjective

préliminaire, préalable;

∎ after a few preliminary remarks après quelques remarques préliminaires;

∎ the preliminary stages of the inquiry les étapes préliminaires ou les débuts de l'enquête;

∎ formal preliminary to departure, preliminary to leaving avant le départ, avant de partir

2 noun

(a) (gen) préliminaire m;

∎ to go through all the preliminaries passer par tous les préliminaires;

∎ as a preliminary en guise de préliminaire, au préalable;

∎ the measure is seen by many as a preliminary to… cette mesure est considérée par beaucoup comme une action préliminaire à…

(b) (eliminating contest) épreuve f éliminatoire

►► preliminary exam University examen m préliminaire; Scottish School examen m blanc;

preliminary expenses frais mpl d'établissement;

Law preliminary hearing première audience f;

Law preliminary investigation instruction f (d'une affaire);

Typography preliminary pages pages fpl liminaires (précédant le corps de l'ouvrage)

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > preliminary
2 preliminary report

preliminary report

The communication used for the prompt dissemination of data obtained during the early stages of the investigation.

(AN 13)

предварительный отчёт

Cooбщeниe, испoльзуeмoe для нeзaмeдлитeльнoгo рaспрoстрaнeния свeдeний, пoлучeнных нa нaчaльных стaдиях рaсслeдoвaния.

International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > preliminary report
3 through

Ɵru:
1. preposition
1) (into from one direction and out of in the other: The water flows through a pipe.) a través de

2) (from side to side or end to end of: He walked (right) through the town.) a través de

3) (from the beginning to the end of: She read through the magazine.) de cabo a rabo, de principio a fin, entero

4) (because of: He lost his job through his own stupidity.) por, a causa de

5) (by way of: He got the job through a friend.) a través de, gracias a

6) ((American) from... to (inclusive): I work Monday through Friday.) de... a

2. adverb
(into and out of; from one side or end to the other; from beginning to end: He went straight/right through.) de un lado a otro

3. adjective
1) ((of a bus or train) that goes all the way to one's destination, so that one doesn't have to change (buses or trains): There isn't a through train - you'll have to change.) directo

2) (finished: Are you through yet?) listo, (haber) acabado con algo

•

- throughout

4. adverb
(in every part: The house was furnished throughout.) enteramente, por completo

- all through
- soaked
- wet through
- through and through
- through with

through prep por / a través de

she walked through the wood paseó por el bosque

the prisoner escaped through a window el preso se escapó por una ventana

the bullet went through the wall la bala atravesó la pared

through

tr[ɵrʊː]

preposition

1 por, a través de

■ I climbed in through a window entré por una ventana

■ we drove right through France condujimos por toda Francia

■ you have to go through Customs hay que pasar por la aduana

2 (because of) por, a causa de

■ off work through illness de baja por enfermedad

3 (from beginning to the end) durante todo,-a, hasta el final de

■ we danced through the night bailamos durante toda la noche

■ my mother looked after me through my illness mi madre me cuidó durante toda la enfermedad

■ he read through the book leyó todo el libro

■ I'd never have got through this crisis without you nunca hubiera superado esta crisis sin ti

4 (by means of) por, a través de, mediante

■ he got the job through a friend consiguió el trabajo a través de un amigo

adverb

1 de un lado a otro

■ he let me through me dejó pasar

■ we drove through a red light pasamos un semáforo en rojo

2 (to the end) hasta el final

■ he read the book through leyó todo el libro

■ we slept right through dormimos de un tirón

3 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (on phone) conectado,-a

■ can you put me through to Helen James? ¿me puede poner con Helen James?

■ I rang several times, but I couldn't get through llamé varias veces, pero estaba comunicando

4 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL terminado,-a, acabado,-a

■ are you through? ¿has acabado?

■ we'll be through at lunchtime terminaremos a la hora de comer

adjective

1 (train) directo,-a; (traffic) de paso

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be through with something/somebody haber acabado con algo/alguien

through and through hasta la médula, a ultranza

no through road calle nombre femenino sin salida

through ['ɵru:] adv

1) : a través, de un lado a otro

let them through: déjenlos pasar

2) : de principio a fin

she read the book through: leyó el libro de principio a fin

3) completely: completamente

soaked through: completamente empapado

through adj

1) direct: directo

a through train: un tren directo

2) finished: terminado, acabado

we're through: hemos terminado

through prep

1) : a través de, por

through the door: por la puerta

a road through the woods: un camino que atraviesa el bosque

2) between: entre

a path through the trees: un sendero entre los árboles

3) because of: a causa de, como consecuencia de

4) (in expressions of time)

through the night: durante la noche

to go through an experience: pasar por una experiencia

5) : a, hasta

from Monday through Friday: de lunes a viernes

through (Finished)

adj.

• acabado, -a adj.

adj.

• directo, -a adj.

• sin paradas adj.

• terminado, -a adj.

adv.

• a través adv.

• de un lado a otro adv.

• por medio de adv.

prep.

• a través de prep.

• atravéz prep.

• mediante prep.

• por prep.

I θruː
preposition

1)

a) ( from one side to the other) por

it went right through the wall — atravesó la pared de lado a lado

to hear/feel something through something — oír*/sentir* algo a través de algo

he was shot through the head — le pegaron un balazo en la cabeza

the truck crashed through the barrier — el camión se llevó la barrera por delante

they struggled on through the crowd — siguieron abriéndose paso entre la multitud

he spoke through clenched teeth — habló entre dientes

we drove through Munich — atravesamos Munich ( en coche)

she glanced through the magazine — hojeó la revista

I worked my way through the textbook — me leí el texto de punta a punta

b) (past, beyond)

to be through something — haber* pasado algo

we're through the preliminary stages already — ya hemos pasado las fases iniciales

2)

a) ( in time)

we worked through the night — trabajamos durante toda la noche

half-way through his speech — en medio de su discurso, cuando iba (or vaya etc) por la mitad del discurso

after everything we've been through together — después de todo lo que hemos pasado juntos

through the centuries — a través de los siglos

b) ( until and including) (AmE)

Tuesday through Thursday — de martes a jueves

offer good through May 31 — oferta válida hasta el 31 de mayo

October through December — desde octubre hasta diciembre inclusive

3) (by)

she spoke through an interpreter — habló a través de un intérprete

I heard about it through a friend — me enteré a través de or por un amigo

through his help — gracias a su ayuda or mediante su ayuda

through no fault of her own — sin tener culpa alguna

II

adverb

1) ( from one side to the other)

the train sped through without stopping — el tren pasó a toda velocidad sin parar

he barged through — pasó dando empujones

the red paint shows through — se nota la pintura roja que hay debajo; see also get, pull, put through

2) ( in time)

all night through — durante toda la noche

we worked through without a break — trabajamos sin parar para descansar

3)

a) ( completely)

wet/soaked through — mojado/calado hasta los huesos

b)

through and through: he's a soldier through and through — es militar hasta la médula

III

adjective

1) ( Transp) (before n) <train/route> directo

through traffic — tráfico m de paso

no through road — calle sin salida

2) ( finished) (colloq) (pred)

aren't you through yet? — ¿no has terminado aún?

as a journalist, you're through — como periodista, estás acabado

to be through with somebody/something — haber* terminado con alguien/algo

to be through (with) -ing: I'm through trying to be nice to you — no pienso seguir tratando de ser amable contigo

3) (BrE Telec)

you're through! — hable!

we're through to Madrid — nos han conectado con Madrid

[θruː] When through is an element in a phrasal verb, eg break through, fall through, look up the verb.
1. PREP

1) (place) por

to look through a telescope — mirar por un telescopio

to walk through the woods — pasear por el bosque

he shot her through the head — le pegó un tiro en la cabeza

• I saw him through the crowd — lo vi entre la multitud

• to go through sth, to go through a tunnel — atravesar un túnel

the bullet went through three layers — la bala penetró tres capas

it went right through the wall — atravesó por toda la pared

to go through sb's pockets/belongings/papers — hurgar en los bolsillos/entre las cosas/entre los papeles de algn

• to post a letter through the letterbox — echar una carta al buzón

2) (time, process)

we're staying through till Tuesday — nos quedamos hasta el martes

(from) Monday through Friday — (US) de lunes a viernes

• to go through a bad/good period — pasar una mala/buena racha

we've been through a lot together — hemos pasado mucho juntos

• to be halfway through a book — ir por la mitad de un libro

halfway through the film — a la mitad de la película

• all or right through the night — durante toda la noche

• right through the year — durante el año entero or todo el año

3) (means) por

through lack of resources — por falta de recursos

through him I found out that... — por or a través de él supe que...

it was through you that we were late — fue por tu culpa que llegamos tarde

• to act through fear — obrar movido por el miedo

• he got the job through friends — consiguió el trabajo por mediación de or a través de unos amigos

4) (having completed)

he's through the exam — ha aprobado el examen

2. ADV

1) (place)

• it's frozen (right) through — está completamente helado

• does this train go through to London? — ¿este tren va directamente a Londres?

he went straight through to the dining room — pasó directamente al comedor

the nail went right through — el clavo penetró de parte a parte

• can you put me through to sales, please? — (Telec) ¿puede ponerme or pasarme con el departamento de ventas, por favor?

• the wood has rotted through — la madera se ha podrido completamente

• the window was dirty and I couldn't see through — la ventana estaba sucia y no podía ver nada

• wet through — [person] mojado hasta los huesos, empapado; [object] empapado

2) (time, process)

• I read the book right through — leí el libro entero

• to sleep the whole night through — dormir la noche entera

• did you stay right through to the end? — ¿te quedaste hasta el final?

we're staying through till Tuesday — nos quedamos hasta el martes

• he is through to the finals of the competition — pasó a la final del concurso

3)

through and through — [be something] hasta la médula, completamente; [know something] de pe a pa

3. ADJ

1) [road, train] directo; [traffic] de paso

no through road — calle sin salida

2) (=finished) terminado

we'll be through at seven — terminaremos a las siete

you're through! — ¡se acabó (para ti)!

are you through criticizing? — ¿has terminado or acabado de criticarme?

she told him they were through — ella le dijo que todo había acabado entre ellos

• I'm through with my girlfriend — he roto or terminado con mi novia

are you through with that book? — ¿has terminado de leer ese libro?

I'm through with bridge — renuncio al bridge, ya no vuelvo a jugar al bridge

I'm not through with you yet — todavía no he terminado contigo

when I'm through with him — cuando haya terminado con él

3) (Telec)

you're through! — ¡ya puede hablar!, ¡hable!

* * *

I [θruː]
preposition

1)

a) ( from one side to the other) por

it went right through the wall — atravesó la pared de lado a lado

to hear/feel something through something — oír*/sentir* algo a través de algo

he was shot through the head — le pegaron un balazo en la cabeza

the truck crashed through the barrier — el camión se llevó la barrera por delante

they struggled on through the crowd — siguieron abriéndose paso entre la multitud

he spoke through clenched teeth — habló entre dientes

we drove through Munich — atravesamos Munich ( en coche)

she glanced through the magazine — hojeó la revista

I worked my way through the textbook — me leí el texto de punta a punta

b) (past, beyond)

to be through something — haber* pasado algo

we're through the preliminary stages already — ya hemos pasado las fases iniciales

2)

a) ( in time)

we worked through the night — trabajamos durante toda la noche

half-way through his speech — en medio de su discurso, cuando iba (or vaya etc) por la mitad del discurso

after everything we've been through together — después de todo lo que hemos pasado juntos

through the centuries — a través de los siglos

b) ( until and including) (AmE)

Tuesday through Thursday — de martes a jueves

offer good through May 31 — oferta válida hasta el 31 de mayo

October through December — desde octubre hasta diciembre inclusive

3) (by)

she spoke through an interpreter — habló a través de un intérprete

I heard about it through a friend — me enteré a través de or por un amigo

through his help — gracias a su ayuda or mediante su ayuda

through no fault of her own — sin tener culpa alguna

II

adverb

1) ( from one side to the other)

the train sped through without stopping — el tren pasó a toda velocidad sin parar

he barged through — pasó dando empujones

the red paint shows through — se nota la pintura roja que hay debajo; see also get, pull, put through

2) ( in time)

all night through — durante toda la noche

we worked through without a break — trabajamos sin parar para descansar

3)

a) ( completely)

wet/soaked through — mojado/calado hasta los huesos

b)

through and through: he's a soldier through and through — es militar hasta la médula

III

adjective

1) ( Transp) (before n) <train/route> directo

through traffic — tráfico m de paso

no through road — calle sin salida

2) ( finished) (colloq) (pred)

aren't you through yet? — ¿no has terminado aún?

as a journalist, you're through — como periodista, estás acabado

to be through with somebody/something — haber* terminado con alguien/algo

to be through (with) -ing: I'm through trying to be nice to you — no pienso seguir tratando de ser amable contigo

3) (BrE Telec)

you're through! — hable!

we're through to Madrid — nos han conectado con Madrid

English-spanish dictionary > through
4 no saber cómo seguir

(v.) = be stuck, get + stuck

Ex. Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

Ex. Hence, the proposed method is capable of enhancing the regularization property without getting stuck at sub-optimal values in search space.

* * *

(v.) = be stuck, get + stuck

Ex: Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

Ex: Hence, the proposed method is capable of enhancing the regularization property without getting stuck at sub-optimal values in search space.

Spanish-English dictionary > no saber cómo seguir
5 no saber qué hacer a continuación

(v.) = draw + a blank, be stuck, get + stuck

Ex. He must assure himself that he has indeed eliminated every possibility that lies within his power before concluding that he has indeed drawn a blank.

Ex. Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

Ex. Hence, the proposed method is capable of enhancing the regularization property without getting stuck at sub-optimal values in search space.

* * *

(v.) = draw + a blank, be stuck, get + stuck

Ex: He must assure himself that he has indeed eliminated every possibility that lies within his power before concluding that he has indeed drawn a blank.

Ex: Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

Ex: Hence, the proposed method is capable of enhancing the regularization property without getting stuck at sub-optimal values in search space.

Spanish-English dictionary > no saber qué hacer a continuación
6 no tener salida

(v.) = be stuck, get + stuck

Ex. Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

Ex. Hence, the proposed method is capable of enhancing the regularization property without getting stuck at sub-optimal values in search space.

* * *

(v.) = be stuck, get + stuck

Ex: Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

Ex: Hence, the proposed method is capable of enhancing the regularization property without getting stuck at sub-optimal values in search space.

Spanish-English dictionary > no tener salida
7 estar atrancado

(v.) = be stuck

Ex. Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

* * *

(v.) = be stuck

Ex: Present information retrieval technology is stuck in the preliminary stages and is thus no improvement on manual retrieval.

Spanish-English dictionary > estar atrancado
8 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:

IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis

JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association

SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)

PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)

PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly

WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)

PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)

\

О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts

\

1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.

2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.

3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.

5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.

6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.

7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.

8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.

9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.

10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.

11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.

12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.

14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.

15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.

16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.

17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.

19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.

20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.

21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.

22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.

23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.

24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.

25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.

27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.

28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.

29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.

31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.

32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.

33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.

34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.

36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.

37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.

38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.

39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.

40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.

41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).

42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.

43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.

44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.

45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.

46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.

47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.

48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.

49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.

50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.

51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.

52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.

53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.

54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.

55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.

56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.

57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.

58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.

59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.

60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.

61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.

62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.

63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.

64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.

65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.

66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.

67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.

68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.

69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.

70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.

71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.

72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.

73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.

74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.

75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.

76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.

77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).

78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.

79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.

80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.

81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.

82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.

83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.

84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.

85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.

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259. Freud, S. (1908) Preface to Wilhelm Stekel's Nervous Anxiety-States and Their Treatment. SE, 9.

260. Freud, S. (1909) Analysis of a phobia in a five-year-old boy. SE, 10.

261. Freud, S. (1909) Family romances. SE, 9.

262. Freud, S. (1909) Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis. SE, 10.

263. Freud, S. (1910) A special type of choice of object made by men. SE, 11.

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265. Freud, S. (1910) The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy. SE, 11.

266. Freud, S. (1910) The psychoanalytic view of psychogenic disturbance of vision. SE, 11.

267. Freud, S. (1911) Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning. SE, 12.

268. Freud, S. (1911) Notes on a case of paranoia. SE, 12.

269. Freud, S. (1911) Psychoanalytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia. SE, 12.

270. Freud, S. (1911—15) Papers on technique. SE, 12.

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276. Freud, S. (1913) Totem and taboo. SE, 13.

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280. Freud, S. (1914) On narcissism. SE. 14.

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299. Freud, S. (1919) The uncanny. SE, 17.

300. Freud, S. (1920) Beyond the pleasure principle. SE, 18.

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310. Freud, S. (1925) Negation. SE, 19.

311. Freud, S. (1925) Some psychical consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. SE, 19.

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315. Freud, S. (1930) Civilization and its discontents. SE, 21.

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560. Lichtenstein, H. (1961) Identity and sexuality. JAPA, 9.

561. Lichtenstein, H. (1970) Changing implications of the concept of psychosexual development. JAPA, 18.

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567. Loewald, H. W. (1962) Internalization, separation, mourning, and the superego. PQ, 31.

568. Loewald, H. W. (1971) Some considerations on repetition and repetition compulsion. IJP, 52.

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876. Wieder, H. (1966) Intellectuality. PSOC, 21.

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Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
9 Arkwright, Sir Richard

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

b. 23 December 1732 Preston, England

d. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England

[br]

English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.

[br]

Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.

In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1786.

Bibliography

1769, British patent no. 931.

1775, British patent no. 1,111.

Further Reading

R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).

R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).

R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).

A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).

F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).

R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Arkwright, Sir Richard
10 Vorfeld

n

1. bes. MIL. approach(es Pl.) (+ Gen to); FLUG. apron

2. fig. run-up (+ Gen to); im Vorfeld des Kongresses etc. auch as the conference etc. approaches ( oder was approaching); etw. im Vorfeld klären clarify s.th. in advance

* * *

das Vorfeld

apron; forefield

* * *
Vor|feld
nt (MIL)
territory situated in front of the main battle line; (AVIAT) apron; (fig) run-up (+gen to)
im Vórfeld der Wahlen — in the run-up to the elections

im Vórfeld der Verhandlungen — in the preliminary stages of the negotiations

etw im Vórfeld klären — to clear sth up beforehand

* * *

das

(something like an apron in shape, eg a hard surface for aircraft on an airfield.) apron

* * *

Vor·feld

nt

1. MIL (Gelände vor Stellung) approaches pl

das \Vorfeld der Stellungen war vermint und mit Stacheldrahtverhauen versehen worden the approaches to the placements were mined and covered with barbed wire

2. LUFT apron

3.

▶ im \Vorfeld von etw dat in the run-up to sth

* * *

Vorfeld n

1. besonders MIL approach(es pl) (+gen to); FLUG apron

2. fig run-up (+gen to);

im Vorfeld des Kongresses etc auch as the conference etc approaches ( oder was approaching);

etwas im Vorfeld klären clarify sth in advance

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Vorfeld
11 за кулисами

разг.

1) ( в театральной среде) behind the scenes; theatrical environment

О скупости Каратыгина постоянно ходили анекдоты за кулисами. (А. Панаева, Воспоминания) — Karatygin's stinginess was a habitual subject of jokes behind the scenes.

2) (втайне, негласно) behind the scenes; in secret; privately

Особенно был неудовлетворён защитник Дрейфуса, Dêmange, честный человек, который ещё во время разбирательства дела чувствовал, что за кулисами творится что-то неладное. (А. Чехов, Письмо А. С. Суворину, 6 февр. 1898) — Dreyfus' counsel Demange, an honest man, who even during the preliminary stages of the trial felt that something shifty was being done behind the scenes, was particularly dissatisfied.

Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > за кулисами
12 fase sf

['faze]
1) (gen) Chim Astron phase

in fase avanzata — at an advanced stage

essere in fase di miglioramento — to be getting better, be improving

in fase preliminare — in the preliminary stages

in fase di espansione — in a period of expansion

2) Tecn stroke

essere fuori fase — (motore) to be rough Brit, run roughly, fig to feel rough Brit o rotten

mettere il motore in fase — to tune the engine

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > fase sf
13 fase

sf ['faze]
1) (gen) Chim Astron phase

in fase avanzata — at an advanced stage

essere in fase di miglioramento — to be getting better, be improving

in fase preliminare — in the preliminary stages

in fase di espansione — in a period of expansion

2) Tecn stroke

essere fuori fase — (motore) to be rough Brit, run roughly, fig to feel rough Brit o rotten

mettere il motore in fase — to tune the engine

Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > fase
14 stage

steɪdʒ
1. сущ.
1) а) подмости, помост;
платформа (возвышение, плато для осуществления какой-л. деятельности) б) перен. арена, поприще;
место действия( происходящие события или то, где эти события происходят)
2) театр. а) сцена, эстрада, театральные подмостки on (the) stage ≈ на сцене She has appeared many times on stage. ≈ Она много раз выходила на сцену. to go on stage ≈ выходить на сцену revolving stage sinking stage sliding stage б) (the stage) театр, драматическое искусство, профессия актера
3) период, стадия, ступень, фаза, этап at a stage ≈ в (какой-л.) стадии in a stage ≈ на (каком-л.) этапе in this stage of one's development ≈ на этом этапе чьего-л. развития to reach a stage ≈ вступить в стадию advanced stage afterbirth stage postnatal stage beginning stage closing stage critical stage crucial stage elementary stage final stage flood stage initial stage intermediate stage opening stage
4) перегон;
остановка, станция
5) почтовая карета, дилижанс Syn: stage-coach
6) предметный столик( микроскопа)
7) электр. каскад
8) авиац. ступень (многоступенчатой ракеты)
2. гл.
1) ставить( пьесу) ;
инсценировать
2) организовывать, осуществлять (с целью произвести впечатление, оказать воздействие и т.д.) сцена, театральные подмостки, эстрада - the front of the *, down * авансцена - up * задняя часть сцены, глубина сцены - * left, left * налево от актера (стоящего лицом к публике) (the *) театр, сцена;
театральная деятельность;
драматическое искусство - to be on the * быть актером - to leave /to quit/ the * уйти со сцен, бросить сцену;
умереть - to write for the * писать для сцены /для театра/ - to hold the * не сходить со сцены( о пьесе) ;
быть центром внимания (в компании) киносъемочный( студийный) павильон арена, поприще, место действия - the * of politics политическое поприще - the * of smb.'s activity арена чьей-л. деятельности - a larger * opened for him перед ним открылось более широкое поле деятельности платформа;
подмостки, помост, подмости - hanging * люлька( для маляров) предметный столик( микроскопа) (геология) ярус, этаж сценический, театральный - * effect сценический эффект - * fever непреодолимая тяга к сцене - * lights огни рампы - * slang актерский жаргон традиционно изображаемый на сцене, шаблонный, стереотипный - * Englishman англичанин, каким его принято изображать на сцене ставить (пьесу, оперу) - the play was *d in London пьеса была поставлена в Лондоне ставиться (о пьесе и т. п.) - the play *s well пьеса очень сценична организовать показ чего-л. - to * a show показывать шоу организовывать, осуществлять - they *d huge protest demonstrations они организовали крупные демонстрации протеста инсценировать (роман и т. п.) инсценировать, подстроить - to * an accident инсценировать несчастный случай фаза, период, стадия, ступень, этап - * of development стадия /ступень/ развития - * of expulsion (медицина) период изгнания (во время родов) - * of latency( медицина) инкубационный период - at this * на данном этапе, на данной стадии;
в настоящее время, сейчас - it is unsafe to predict at this * that... пока еще нельзя безошибочно предсказать, что... - in the closing *s of his life в последние годы его жизни - the bill has not yet reached the committee * законопроект еще не дошел до рассмотрения в комитете (реактивно-техническое) ступень ракеты станция, остановка;
перегон - to get down at the next * выходить на следующей остановке пристань (тж. landing *) почтовая карета, дилижанс (американизм) автобус (электроника) каскад фаза прилива (тж. tidal *) > by easy *s не торопясь, с частыми остановками, не спеша( о путешествии) ;
постепенно, мало-помалу > to train one's willpower by easy *s постепенно /мало-помалу/ тренировать волю ~ (the ~) театр, драматическое искусство, профессия актера;
to be on the stage быть актером;
to quit the stage уйти со сцены;
перен. умереть blueprint ~ этап программы ~ attr. сценический, театральный;
by easy stages не спеша, с перерывами consumption ~ этап потребления decision-making ~ этап принятия решений distribution ~ стадия распределения fare ~ оплачиваемый участок пути final consumption ~ стадия конечного потребления ~ подмости, помост;
платформа;
hanging stage люлька (для маляров) ~ фаза, стадия, период, этап, ступень;
initial (final) stage начальная (конечная) стадия intermediate ~ промежуточная стадия ~ быть сценичным;
the play stages well эта пьеса сценична preliminary ~ предварительная стадия preliminary ~ предварительный этап preparatory ~ подготовительная стадия ~ (the ~) театр, драматическое искусство, профессия актера;
to be on the stage быть актером;
to quit the stage уйти со сцены;
перен. умереть retail ~ этап розничной торговли stage = stagecoach ~ арена, поприще;
место действия ~ быть сценичным;
the play stages well эта пьеса сценична ~ эл. каскад ~ организовывать, осуществлять;
to stage a demonstration устроить демонстрацию ~ перегон;
остановка, станция ~ период ~ подмости, помост;
платформа;
hanging stage люлька (для маляров) ~ предметный столик (микроскопа) 10 ступень (многоступенчатой ракеты) ~ ставить (пьесу) ;
инсценировать ~ стадия ~ ступень ~ сцена, эстрада, театральные подмостки ~ (the ~) театр, драматическое искусство, профессия актера;
to be on the stage быть актером;
to quit the stage уйти со сцены;
перен. умереть ~ фаза, стадия, период, этап, ступень;
initial (final) stage начальная (конечная) стадия ~ фаза ~ этап ~ организовывать, осуществлять;
to stage a demonstration устроить демонстрацию ~ attr. сценический, театральный;
by easy stages не спеша, с перерывами ~ of life период жизни ~ of life стадия жизни stage = stagecoach stagecoach: stagecoach почтовая карета, дилижанс wholesale ~ этап оптовой торговли

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > stage
15 stage

[steɪdʒ]

stage (the stage) театр, драматическое искусство, профессия актера; to be on the stage быть актером; to quit the stage уйти со сцены; перен. умереть blueprint stage этап программы stage attr. сценический, театральный; by easy stages не спеша, с перерывами consumption stage этап потребления decision-making stage этап принятия решений distribution stage стадия распределения fare stage оплачиваемый участок пути final consumption stage стадия конечного потребления stage подмости, помост; платформа; hanging stage люлька (для маляров) stage фаза, стадия, период, этап, ступень; initial (final) stage начальная (конечная) стадия intermediate stage промежуточная стадия stage быть сценичным; the play stages well эта пьеса сценична preliminary stage предварительная стадия preliminary stage предварительный этап preparatory stage подготовительная стадия stage (the stage) театр, драматическое искусство, профессия актера; to be on the stage быть актером; to quit the stage уйти со сцены; перен. умереть retail stage этап розничной торговли stage = stagecoach stage арена, поприще; место действия stage быть сценичным; the play stages well эта пьеса сценична stage эл. каскад stage организовывать, осуществлять; to stage a demonstration устроить демонстрацию stage перегон; остановка, станция stage период stage подмости, помост; платформа; hanging stage люлька (для маляров) stage предметный столик (микроскопа) 10 ступень (многоступенчатой ракеты) stage ставить (пьесу); инсценировать stage стадия stage ступень stage сцена, эстрада, театральные подмостки stage (the stage) театр, драматическое искусство, профессия актера; to be on the stage быть актером; to quit the stage уйти со сцены; перен. умереть stage фаза, стадия, период, этап, ступень; initial (final) stage начальная (конечная) стадия stage фаза stage этап stage организовывать, осуществлять; to stage a demonstration устроить демонстрацию stage attr. сценический, театральный; by easy stages не спеша, с перерывами stage of life период жизни stage of life стадия жизни stage = stagecoach stagecoach: stagecoach почтовая карета, дилижанс wholesale stage этап оптовой торговли

English-Russian short dictionary > stage
16 etapa

f.

stage.

las últimas etapas the final stages

por etapas in stages

quemar etapas to come on in leaps and bounds, to progress rapidly

está pasando una mala etapa he's going through a bad patch

etapa ciclista stage (of cycle race)

* * *

etapa

► nombre femenino

1 period, stage

2 (parada) stop, stage

■ la primera etapa es Zaragoza the first stop is Zaragoza

3 DEPORTE leg, stage

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

por etapas in stages

quemar etapas figurado to get on in leaps and bounds

* * *

noun f.

stage

* * *

SF

1) [de viaje] stage

en pequeñas etapas — in easy stages

- quemar etapas

2) (=fase) stage, phase

desarrollo por etapas — phased development, development in stages

la segunda etapa del plan — the second phase of the plan

una adquisición proyectada por etapas — a phased takeover

lo haremos por etapas — we'll do it gradually o in stages

3) (Dep) leg, lap

4) (Mil) stopping place

5) [de cohete] stage

cohete de tres etapas — 3-stage rocket

* * *

femenino

1) ( en viaje) stage; (en ciclismo, rally) leg, stage

por etapas — in stages

2) ( de proceso) stage, phase

la etapa más feliz de mi vida — the best o happiest time of my life

* * *

= phase, stage, step, chapter.

Ex. This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.

Ex. The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

Ex. The first step in assigning intellectual responsibility to a corporate body must be a definition of a corporate body.

Ex. The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.

----

* eliminar por etapas = phase out.

* empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.

* en tres etapas = three-step.

* en varias etapas = multistage [multi-stage], multi-step.

* etapa anterior a la impresión = prepress [pre-press].

* etapa de desarollo = stage of development.

* etapa de la vida = life stage.

* etapa de planificación = planning stage.

* etapa final = output stage.

* etapa inicial = input stage.

* llegar a una etapa = reach + point.

* marcar una etapa = mark + a stage.

* por etapas = staged.

* primera etapa = early days.

* subetapa = sub-stage.

* superar la etapa de = move on from.

* volver a la etapa de planificación = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board.

* * *

femenino

1) ( en viaje) stage; (en ciclismo, rally) leg, stage

por etapas — in stages

2) ( de proceso) stage, phase

la etapa más feliz de mi vida — the best o happiest time of my life

* * *

= phase, stage, step, chapter.

Ex: This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.

Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

Ex: The first step in assigning intellectual responsibility to a corporate body must be a definition of a corporate body.

Ex: The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.

* eliminar por etapas = phase out.

* empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.

* en tres etapas = three-step.

* en varias etapas = multistage [multi-stage], multi-step.

* etapa anterior a la impresión = prepress [pre-press].

* etapa de desarollo = stage of development.

* etapa de la vida = life stage.

* etapa de planificación = planning stage.

* etapa final = output stage.

* etapa inicial = input stage.

* llegar a una etapa = reach + point.

* marcar una etapa = mark + a stage.

* por etapas = staged.

* primera etapa = early days.

* subetapa = sub-stage.

* superar la etapa de = move on from.

* volver a la etapa de planificación = return to + the drawing boards, back to the drawing board.

* * *

etapa

feminine

A (en un viaje, recorrido) stage; (en ciclismo, un rally) leg, stage

hicimos el viaje en varias etapas/por etapas we did the trip in stages

Compuesto:

etapa prólogo

opening time-trial

B (de un proceso) stage, phase

la etapa más feliz de mi vida the best o happiest time o period of my life

C (de un cohete, misil) stage

* * *

etapa sustantivo femenino
stage;
◊ por etapas in stages;

la etapa más feliz de mi vida the best o happiest time of my life
etapa sustantivo femenino stage, phase: haremos el trabajo por etapas, we'll do the work in stages

' etapa' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
atravesar
- contrarreloj
- estadio
- extensa
- extenso
- fase
- interfase
- transición
- clasificación
- clasificar
- entrada
- entrar
- intermedio
- ronda
- superar
- trámite
English:
degree
- early
- growing
- lap
- leg
- stage
- go
- past
- preliminary

* * *

etapa nf

1. [trayecto, fase] stage;

está pasando una mala etapa he's going through a bad patch;

por etapas in stages;

la reforma educativa será implantada por etapas the educational reforms will be introduced in stages

2. Dep stage;

una vuelta ciclista por etapas a staged cycle race

Comp
etapa ciclista stage [of cycle race];
etapa contrarreloj [en ciclismo] time trial;

etapa de montaña [en ciclismo] mountain stage;

etapa prólogo [en ciclismo] prologue

* * *

etapa

f

1 DEP stage, leg

2 stage;

por etapas in stages;

quemar etapas cut corners

* * *

etapa nf

fase: stage, phase

* * *

etapa n stage

Spanish-English dictionary > etapa
17 preparatorio

adj.

preparatory, preparative, prep, preliminary.

* * *

preparatorio

► adjetivo

1 preparatory

* * *

ADJ [curso, trabajo, material] preparatory; [diseño, dibujo, boceto] preliminary

ejercicios preparatorios — preliminary exercises, warm-up exercises

* * *

- ria adjetivo < curso> preparatory; < ejercicios> warm-up (before n)

* * *

= preparatory, exploratory.

Ex. This article outlines the preparatory stages and describes some of the problems presented by the physical conditions in a city of tents either drenched by rain or smothered by dust = Este artículo esboza las etapas preparatorias y describe algunos de los problemas que presentan las condiciones físicas de una gran cantidad de tiendas de campaña empapadas por la lluvia o cubiertas por el polvo.

Ex. This article reports on exploratory experiments in evaluating and improving a thesaurus through studying its effect on retrieval.

* * *

- ria adjetivo < curso> preparatory; < ejercicios> warm-up (before n)

* * *

= preparatory, exploratory.

Ex: This article outlines the preparatory stages and describes some of the problems presented by the physical conditions in a city of tents either drenched by rain or smothered by dust = Este artículo esboza las etapas preparatorias y describe algunos de los problemas que presentan las condiciones físicas de una gran cantidad de tiendas de campaña empapadas por la lluvia o cubiertas por el polvo.

Ex: This article reports on exploratory experiments in evaluating and improving a thesaurus through studying its effect on retrieval.

* * *

preparatorio - ria

adjective

‹curso› preparatory; ‹ejercicios› warm-up ( before n)

* * *

preparatorio
◊ - ria adjetivo ‹ curso› preparatory;

‹ ejercicios› warm-up ( before n)
' preparatorio' also found in these entries:
English:
lead-up
- prep
- preparatory
- foundation

* * *

preparatorio, -a

♦ adj

preparatory

♦ preparatorios nmpl
Urug = last two years of secondary school, devoted to preparing for university, Br ≈ sixth form, US ≈ senior high school
* * *

preparatorio

adj preparatory;

curso preparatorio preparatory course

* * *

preparatorio, - ria adj

: preparatory

Spanish-English dictionary > preparatorio
18 comenzar

v.

to start, to begin.

comenzar diciendo que… to start o begin by saying that…

comenzar a hacer algo to start doing o to do something

comenzar por hacer algo to begin by doing something

“hiena” comienza por hache “hyena” starts with an “h”

el partido comenzó tarde the game started late

La fiesta empezó tarde The party began late.

* * *

comenzar

Conjugation model [ EMPEZAR], like link=empezar empezar

► verbo transitivo

1 to begin, start

► verbo intransitivo

1 to begin, start

■ comenzó a reír he began to laugh, he began laughing

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

comenzar con to begin with

comenzar + gerund to start by + gerund

■ comenzó explicando... he started by explaining...

comenzar por + inf to begin by +-ing

■ comenzó por decir que... he began by saying that...

comenzar por el principio to begin at the beginning, start at the beginning

————————

comenzar

to start by + gerund

■ comenzó explicando... he started by explaining...

* * *

verb

to begin, start

* * *

1.

VT to begin, start, commence frm

comenzamos el rodaje ayer — we began o started o commenced frm filming yesterday

comenzó la charla con un agradecimiento — she began o started the talk with a word of thanks

comenzó su carrera literaria hace dos décadas — she began her literary career two decades ago

la empresa comienza la construcción hoy — the company starts the construction work today

hemos comenzado mal el año — we started the year badly

comenzamos el recorrido en la iglesia — we start our trip at the church

2.

VI [proyecto, campaña, historia, proceso] to begin, start

¿puedo comenzar? — may I start o begin?, can I start o begin?

el partido comienza a las ocho — the match starts o begins at eight

comenzó diciendo que estaba de acuerdo conmigo — she began by saying that she agreed with me

comenzó a los diez años haciendo recados — he began o started at the age of ten as a messenger boy

al comenzar el año — at the start o beginning of the year

• comenzar a hacer algo — to start o begin doing sth, start o begin to do sth

la nieve comenzó a caer de nuevo — the snow started falling again, the snow began to fall again

comencé a trabajar a los dieciocho años — I started o began working at eighteen

podéis comenzar a comer — you can start eating

los invitados ya han comenzado a llegar — the guests have started arriving o to arrive

aquel día comenzó a tener problemas con el oído — that day she began having trouble with her hearing

• comenzar con algo, la película comienza con una pelea — the film starts o begins with a fight

• para comenzar — to start with

para comenzar, una sopa de verduras — to start with, vegetable soup

• comenzar por, no sé por dónde comenzar — I don't know where to start o begin

la reforma ha comenzado por la educación — reform has started o begun with education

comenzó por agradecernos nuestra presencia — she started o began by thanking us for coming

para sentirte mejor, comienza por comer bien — in order to feel better, start by eating well

su nombre comienza por m — his name begins with m

todos sois culpables, comenzando por ti — you're all guilty, starting with you

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo to begin, commence (frml)
2.
comenzar vi to begin

al comenzar el día — at the beginning of the day

comenzar + ger — to begin by -ing

comenzar a + inf — to start -ing o to + inf

comenzaron a disparar — they started firing o to fire

comenzar por algo — to begin with something

comenzar POR + inf — to begin by -ing

* * *

= begin, commence, get + started, launch, set about + Gerundio, start, start off, start out, start + Posesivo + life, curtain + rise, enter, kick off, set out, take + flight, get + Nombre + underway, be scheduled to start, get + Posesivo + feet wet, set in, cut + Posesivo + spurs.

Nota: Generalmente un oficio o profesión.

Ex. This section has begun to demonstrate some of the problems associated with the author approach.

Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.

Ex. 'We'll get started as soon as everyone arrives,' the executive director shook her hand and smiled graciously.

Ex. It describes an attempt by leaders in the CD-ROM business to launch a logical file structure standard for CD-ROM.

Ex. The CRG set about trying to define a series of integrative levels upon which it would be possible to base the main classes and their order for a new general classification scheme.

Ex. Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex. If you establish a principle of using the national language, where do you start off?.

Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.

Ex. In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.

Ex. One of the main contributions in this issue is 'Future directions: the curtain rises on interactive video,' by David Hon.

Ex. Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.

Ex. The article is entitled 'The bucks start here: ALA kicks off library funding campaign'.

Ex. The person seeking information needs to have all the necessary documentation before setting out, otherwise it could result in considerable expense and much time wasting.

Ex. The article 'ALA campaign takes flight
the local level' reports on a five year public education programme sponsored by the American Library Association to promote all types of libraries throughout the USA.

Ex. The author describes two surveys which the IFLA Section has been involved in to acquire the information necessary to get the project underway.

Ex. CAPTAIN is scheduled to start commercial services in 1983.

Ex. Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.

Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.

Ex. Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.

----

* al comenzar = at startup.

* comenzar a = be on + Posesivo + way to.

* comenzar a arder = catch on + fire.

* comenzar Algo = get + Nombre + started.

* comenzar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.

* comenzar a luchar contra = begin + war on.

* comenzar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.

* comenzar a reír = break into + laugh.

* comenzar bien = get off to + a (good/great) start, make + a good start.

* comenzar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing.

* comenzar de cero = begin + from scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.

* comenzar desde = set out from.

* comenzar desde cero = start at + ground zero.

* comenzar desde la base = start at + ground zero.

* comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.

* comenzar lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.

* comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.

* comenzar partiendo de cero = build + from scratch.

* comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* comenzar pronto = make + an early start.

* comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* comenzar temprano = get off to + an early start.

* comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.

* para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo to begin, commence (frml)
2.
comenzar vi to begin

al comenzar el día — at the beginning of the day

comenzar + ger — to begin by -ing

comenzar a + inf — to start -ing o to + inf

comenzaron a disparar — they started firing o to fire

comenzar por algo — to begin with something

comenzar POR + inf — to begin by -ing

* * *

= begin, commence, get + started, launch, set about + Gerundio, start, start off, start out, start + Posesivo + life, curtain + rise, enter, kick off, set out, take + flight, get + Nombre + underway, be scheduled to start, get + Posesivo + feet wet, set in, cut + Posesivo + spurs.

Nota: Generalmente un oficio o profesión.

Ex: This section has begun to demonstrate some of the problems associated with the author approach.

Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.

Ex: 'We'll get started as soon as everyone arrives,' the executive director shook her hand and smiled graciously.

Ex: It describes an attempt by leaders in the CD-ROM business to launch a logical file structure standard for CD-ROM.

Ex: The CRG set about trying to define a series of integrative levels upon which it would be possible to base the main classes and their order for a new general classification scheme.

Ex: Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex: If you establish a principle of using the national language, where do you start off?.

Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.

Ex: In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.

Ex: One of the main contributions in this issue is 'Future directions: the curtain rises on interactive video,' by David Hon.

Ex: Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.

Ex: The article is entitled 'The bucks start here: ALA kicks off library funding campaign'.

Ex: The person seeking information needs to have all the necessary documentation before setting out, otherwise it could result in considerable expense and much time wasting.

Ex: The article 'ALA campaign takes flight \@ the local level' reports on a five year public education programme sponsored by the American Library Association to promote all types of libraries throughout the USA.

Ex: The author describes two surveys which the IFLA Section has been involved in to acquire the information necessary to get the project underway.

Ex: CAPTAIN is scheduled to start commercial services in 1983.

Ex: Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.

Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.

Ex: Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.

* al comenzar = at startup.

* comenzar a = be on + Posesivo + way to.

* comenzar a arder = catch on + fire.

* comenzar Algo = get + Nombre + started.

* comenzar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.

* comenzar a luchar contra = begin + war on.

* comenzar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.

* comenzar a reír = break into + laugh.

* comenzar bien = get off to + a (good/great) start, make + a good start.

* comenzar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing.

* comenzar de cero = begin + from scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.

* comenzar desde = set out from.

* comenzar desde cero = start at + ground zero.

* comenzar desde la base = start at + ground zero.

* comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.

* comenzar lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.

* comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.

* comenzar partiendo de cero = build + from scratch.

* comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.

* comenzar pronto = make + an early start.

* comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.

* comenzar temprano = get off to + an early start.

* comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.

* para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.

* * *

comenzar [A6 ]

vt

to begin, commence ( frml)

■ comenzar

vi

to begin

al comenzar el día at the beginning of the day

comenzaré contigo I will begin o start with you

comenzar + GER to begin BY -ING

comenzó diciendo que … she began o ( frml) commenced by saying that …

comenzar A + INF:

comenzaron a disparar they started firing o to fire, they opened fire

comenzar POR algo to begin WITH sth

comencemos por la catedral let us begin with the cathedral

comenzar POR + INF to begin BY -ING

comenzaron por amenazarme they began by threatening me

* * *

comenzar ( conjugate comenzar) verbo transitivo
to begin, commence (frml)
verbo intransitivo
to begin;
◊ al comenzar el día at the beginning of the day;

comenzar haciendo algo/por hacer algo to begin by doing sth;
comenzar a hacer algo to start doing o to do sth;
comenzaron a disparar they started firing o to fire;
comenzar por algo to begin with sth
comenzar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to begin, start
(a realizar una acción) comenzó a decir barbaridades, he started talking nonsense
(una serie de acciones) comenzamos por mostrar nuestro desacuerdo, we started by showing our disagreement ➣ Ver nota en begin y start

' comenzar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
balbucear
- desencadenarse
- despuntar
- entrar
- iniciarse
- comience
English:
afresh
- begin
- come on
- commence
- dawn
- emigrate
- foot
- go-ahead
- open
- set in
- start
- start off

* * *

comenzar

♦ vt

to start, to begin;

comenzar diciendo que… to start o begin by saying that…

♦ vi

to start, to begin;

comenzar a hacer algo to start doing o to do sth;

comenzar por hacer algo to begin by doing sth;

“hiena” comienza por hache “hyena” starts with an “h”;

el partido comenzó tarde the game started late

* * *

comenzar

v/t begin

* * *

comenzar {29} v

empezar: to begin, to start

* * *

comenzar vb to start / to begin [pt. began; pp. begun]

el curso comienza en octubre the course starts in October

Spanish-English dictionary > comenzar
19 crear

v.

1 to create.

me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems

Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence

Ricardo crea obras de arte Richard creates works of art.

Ellas crean criaturas raras They create weird creatures.

2 to invent.

3 to found.

4 to make, to make up.

* * *

crear

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to create

■ crear problemas to create problems

2 (fundar) to found, establish; (partido) to set up

3 (inventar) to invent

► verbo pronominal crearse

1 to make, make for oneself

■ crearse enemigos to make enemies for oneself

2 (imaginarse) to imagine

* * *

verb

1) to create

2) originate

* * *

VT

1) (=hacer, producir) [+ obra, objeto, empleo] to create

el hombre fue creado a imagen de Dios — man was created in the image of God

crearon una ciudad de la nada — they created a city out of nothing

2) (=establecer) [+ comisión, comité, fondo, negocio, sistema] to set up; [+ asociación, cooperativa] to form, set up; [+ cargo, puesto] to create; [+ movimiento, organización] to create, establish, found

¿qué se necesita para crear una empresa? — what do you need in order to set up o start a business?

esta organización se creó para defender los derechos humanos — this organization was created o established o founded to defend human rights

aspiraban a crear un estado independiente — they aimed to create o establish o found an independent state

3) (=dar lugar a) [+ condiciones, clima, ambiente] to create; [+ problemas] to cause, create; [+ expectativas] to raise

el bloqueo ha creado una situación insostenible — the blockade has created an untenable situation

el vacío creado por su muerte — the gap left o created by her death

la nicotina crea adicción — nicotine is addictive

4) liter (=nombrar) to make, appoint

fue creado papa — he was made pope

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop

b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build

2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn

su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades — his arrogance made him many enemies

no quiero crear falsas expectativas — I don't want to raise false hopes
2.
crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself

* * *

= design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.

Ex. In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.

Ex. The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.

Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.

Ex. In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.

Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.

Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.

Ex. Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.

Ex. Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.

Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.

Ex. There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.

Ex. In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.

Ex. MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.

Ex. The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.

Ex. The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.

Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.

Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.

Ex. Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.

Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.

----

* crear adicción = be addictive.

* crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.

* crear apoyo = build + support.

* crear canales para = establish + channels for.

* crear con gran destreza = craft.

* crear consenso = forge + consensus.

* crear demanda = make + demand.

* crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].

* crear desconfianza = create + distrust.

* crear desesperación = yield + despair.

* crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.

* crear interés = build + interest.

* crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.

* crear lazos = build up + links.

* crear lazos afectivos = bond.

* crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.

* crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.

* crear prototipos = prototype.

* crear relaciones = structure + relationships.

* crearse = build up, hew.

* crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.

* crear servidor web = put up + web site.

* crearse una identidad = forge + identity.

* crearse una vida = build + life.

* crear una alianza = forge + alliance.

* crear una base = form + a basis.

* crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.

* crear una coalición = forge + coalition.

* crear una colección = build + collection.

* crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.

* crear una familia = have + a family.

* crear una ilusión = create + illusion.

* crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.

* crear una injusticia = create + injustice.

* crear una marca de identidad = branding.

* crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.

* crear una preocupación = create + concern.

* crear una situación = create + a situation.

* crear un clima = promote + climate.

* crear un comité = set up + committee.

* crear un entorno = create + an environment.

* crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.

* crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.

* crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.

* crear un grupo = set up + group.

* crear un índice = generate + index.

* crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.

* crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.

* crear un servidor web = open up + web site.

* crear vínculos = build up + links.

* crear vínculos afectivos = bond.

* oposición + crear = opposition + line up.

* que crea adicción = addictive.

* que crea hábito = addictive.

* volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop

b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build

2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn

su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades — his arrogance made him many enemies

no quiero crear falsas expectativas — I don't want to raise false hopes
2.
crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself

* * *

= design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.

Ex: In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.

Ex: The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.

Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.

Ex: In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.

Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.

Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.

Ex: Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.

Ex: Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.

Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.

Ex: There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.

Ex: In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.

Ex: MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.

Ex: The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.

Ex: The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.

Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.

Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.

Ex: Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.

Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.

* crear adicción = be addictive.

* crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.

* crear apoyo = build + support.

* crear canales para = establish + channels for.

* crear con gran destreza = craft.

* crear consenso = forge + consensus.

* crear demanda = make + demand.

* crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].

* crear desconfianza = create + distrust.

* crear desesperación = yield + despair.

* crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.

* crear interés = build + interest.

* crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.

* crear lazos = build up + links.

* crear lazos afectivos = bond.

* crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.

* crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.

* crear prototipos = prototype.

* crear relaciones = structure + relationships.

* crearse = build up, hew.

* crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.

* crear servidor web = put up + web site.

* crearse una identidad = forge + identity.

* crearse una vida = build + life.

* crear una alianza = forge + alliance.

* crear una base = form + a basis.

* crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.

* crear una coalición = forge + coalition.

* crear una colección = build + collection.

* crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.

* crear una familia = have + a family.

* crear una ilusión = create + illusion.

* crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.

* crear una injusticia = create + injustice.

* crear una marca de identidad = branding.

* crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.

* crear una preocupación = create + concern.

* crear una situación = create + a situation.

* crear un clima = promote + climate.

* crear un comité = set up + committee.

* crear un entorno = create + an environment.

* crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.

* crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.

* crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.

* crear un grupo = set up + group.

* crear un índice = generate + index.

* crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.

* crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.

* crear un servidor web = open up + web site.

* crear vínculos = build up + links.

* crear vínculos afectivos = bond.

* oposición + crear = opposition + line up.

* que crea adicción = addictive.

* que crea hábito = addictive.

* volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

* * *

crear [A1 ]

vt

A

1 ‹obra/modelo› to create; ‹tendencia› to create

crear una nueva imagen para el producto to create a new image for the product

crearon un producto revolucionario they developed o created a revolutionary product

2 ‹sistema› to create, establish, set up; ‹institución› to set up, create; ‹comisión/fondo› to set up; ‹empleo› to create

crearon una ciudad en pleno desierto they built a city in the middle of the desert

B ‹dificultades/problemas› to cause, create; ‹ambiente/clima› to create; ‹fama/prestigio› to bring; ‹reputación› to earn

su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades his arrogance made him many enemies

no quiero crear falsas expectativas en mis alumnos I don't want to raise false hopes among my students, I don't want to give my students false hopes

se crea muchas dificultades he creates o makes a lot of problems for himself

¿para qué te creas más trabajo? why make more work for yourself?

será difícil llenar el vacío creado con su desaparición it will be difficult to fill the gap left by his death

* * *

crear ( conjugate crear) verbo transitivo
to create;
‹ producto› to develop;
‹institución/comisión/fondo› to set up;
‹fama/prestigio› to bring;
‹ reputación› to earn;
◊ crea muchos problemas it causes o creates a lot of problems;

no quiero crear falsas expectativas I don't want to raise false hopes
crearse verbo pronominal ‹ problema› to create … for oneself;

‹ enemigos› to make
crear verbo transitivo to create
' crear' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
falsificar
- hacer
- ilusionar
- infundio
- rompecabezas
- constituir
- formar
- meter
English:
boat
- bonding
- create
- fashion
- never-never land
- rapport
- stage
- afoot
- develop
- devise
- disrupt
- establish
- illusion
- set
- you

* * *

crear

♦ vt

1. [hacer, producir, originar] to create;

crear empleo/riqueza to create jobs/wealth;

han creado un nuevo ministerio para él they have created a new ministry for him;

me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems;

Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence

2. [inventar] to invent;
[poema, sinfonía] to compose, to write; [cuadro] to paint
3. [fundar] to found

♦ See also the pronominal verb crearse

* * *

crear

v/t create; empresa set up

* * *

crear vt

1) : to create, to cause

2) : to originate

* * *

crear vb

1. (en general) to create

las esculturas que el artista ha creado en los últimos años the sculptures created by the artist during the last few years

crearon 250 puestos de trabajo they created 250 jobs

2. (comité, empresa, etc) to set up

están estudiando la posibilidad de crear una empresa they're considering setting up a company

Spanish-English dictionary > crear
20 draft

1. noun
1) (rough copy) (of speech) Konzept, das; (of treaty, parliamentary bill) Entwurf, der; attrib.

draft copy/version — Konzept, das

2) (plan of work) Skizze, die; [Bau-, Riß-]zeichnung, die

3) (Mil.): (detaching for special duty) Sonderkommando, das; (Brit.): (those detached) Abkommandierte Pl.

4) (Amer. Mil.): (conscription) Einberufung, die; (those conscripted) Wehrpflichtige Pl.; Einberufene Pl.

5) (Commerc.): (cheque drawn) Wechsel, der; Tratte, die

6) (Amer.) see academic.ru/22251/draught">draught
2. transitive verb
1) (make rough copy of) entwerfen

2) (Mil.) abkommandieren

3) (Amer. Mil.): (conscript) einberufen

* * *
1. noun
1) (a rough sketch or outline of something, especially written: a rough draft of my speech.) der Abriß

2) (a group (of soldiers etc) taken from a larger group.) die Abteilung

3) (an order (to a bank etc) for the payment of money: a draft for $80.) die Abhebung

4) ((American) conscription: He emigrated to avoid the draft.) die Einberufung
2. verb
1) (to make in the form of a rough plan: Could you draft a report on this?) abfassen

2) ((American) to conscript into the army etc: He was drafted into the Navy.) einziehen

•

- dodge the draft
- draft dodger
- draft evasion
- draftsman
* * *

draft

[drɑ:ft, AM dræft]

I. n

1. (preliminary version) Entwurf m, SCHWEIZ a. Brouillon m

first \draft erster Entwurf, Konzept nt

preliminary \draft Vorentwurf m

rough \draft Rohfassung f, Rohentwurf m

2. no pl esp AM (military conscription) Einberufung f, Einziehung f, Aufgebot nt SCHWEIZ

\draft card Einberufungsbescheid m, Aufgebot nt SCHWEIZ

\draft order Einberufungsbefehl m, Aufgebot nt SCHWEIZ

3. no pl esp AM (conscripted persons) Wehrpflichtige pl, Rekruten pl

4. esp BRIT ECON, FIN Zahlungsanweisung f, [gezogener] Wechsel, Tratte f fachspr

bank \draft Bankwechsel m, Banktratte f

banker's \draft Bankscheck m

\draft at sight Sichtwechsel m

5. AM see draught

II. n modifier

1. (preliminary) Entwurfs-

\draft budget Haushaltsentwurf m, Haushaltsvorlage f

\draft contract Vertragsentwurf m

\draft law Gesetzesvorlage f/-entwurf m

\draft letter Entwurf m eines Briefes [o Schreibens]

to be still in the \draft stages sich akk noch im Entwurfsstadium befinden

2. esp AM (relating to military conscription) Einberufungs-, Aufgebots- SCHWEIZ

\draft board Wehrersatzbehörde f, Musterungskommission f, Stellungskommission f ÖSTERR

district \draft board Kreiswehrersatzamt nt, regionale Stellungskommission ÖSTERR

\draft exemption Befreiung f vom Wehrdienst [o SCHWEIZ a. Militärdienst

III. vt

1. (prepare)

▪ to \draft sth etw entwerfen [o skizzieren]

to \draft a bill [or law] einen Gesetzentwurf verfassen

to \draft a contract einen Vertrag aufsetzen

to \draft a plan einen Plan entwerfen

to \draft a proposal einen Vorschlag ausarbeiten

2. esp AM MIL

▪ to \draft sb jdn einziehen [o einberufen]

to \draft sb into the army jdn zum Wehrdienst einberufen

3. SPORT, NAUT

▪ to \draft sth im Kielwasser von etw dat schwimmen

draught, AM usu draft

[drɑ:ft, AM dræft]

I. n

1. (air current) [Luft]zug m kein pl

there's a \draft every time that door is opened jedes Mal, wenn die Tür aufgeht, zieht es

to feel the \draft ( fig) in der Klemme sitzen fam

he's feeling the \draft right now ihm geht allmählich das Geld aus

to sit in a \draft im Zug sitzen

2. ( form: act of drinking) Zug m kein pl, Schluck m kein pl

a \draft of beer ein Schluck Bier

3. PHARM ( dated) Dosis f

4. no pl

on \draft vom Fass

beer on \draft Fassbier nt, Bier nt vom Fass

5. (of ship) Tiefgang m kein pl

6. BRIT, AUS (game)

▪ \drafts pl Damespiel nt, Dame

to play \draft Dame spielen

II. adj attr, inv

1. (in cask) vom Fass, Fass-

\draft beer Bier nt vom Fass, Fassbier nt

2. (used for pulling loads) Zug-

\draft animal Zugtier nt

* * *
I (US) [drAːft]
n

1) (Luft)zugm; (= through draught) Durchzugm; (for fire) Zugm

there's a terrible draught in here — hier zieht es fürchterlich

I'm sitting in a draught — ich sitze im Zug

are you in a draught? — ziehts Ihnen?

there's a draught blowing round the back of my neck —

open the flues to increase the draught — mach die Klappen auf, damit der Ofen mehr Zug bekommt

he's beginning to feel the draught (fig inf) — ihm wird allmählich das Geld knapp

2) (= swallow, drink) Zugm

a draught of mead — ein Schluck m Met

3) (= draught beer) Fassbiernt

on draught — vom Fass

4) (NAUT) Tiefgangm

5) (MED)

sleeping draught — Schlaftrunk m

6) (of fish) Fischzugm

7) pl (Brit: game) Damespielnt; (+pl vb = pieces) Damesteinepl

8) (= rough sketch) = draft

See:

= draft
II [drAːft]
1. n

1) (= rough outline) Entwurfm (also Comput)

2) (FIN, COMM) Wechselm, Trattef

3) (MIL: group of men) Sonderkommandont

4) (US MIL = group of conscripts) Rekrutenpl; (= conscription) Einberufung (zum Wehrdienst)

5)

See:

= draught

6) (COMPUT) Entwurfm; (printer command) Entwurfsqualitätf, Draft(druck)m

2. vt

1) letter, speech, bill, contract entwerfen

2) (US MIL) conscript einziehen, einberufen (into zu)

to draught sb to do sth (Mil) (fig) — jdn dazu abkommandieren, etw zu tun jdn beauftragen, etw zu tun

he was draughted into the England squad — er wurde für die englische Nationalmannschaft aufgestellt

3. attr (COMPUT)
Draft-
draught mode — Draft-Modus m, Draftmodus m

* * *

draft, besonders Br (für 3, 5, 14, 22, 23) draught [drɑːft; US dræft]

A s

1. Skizze f, Zeichnung f

2. Entwurf m:

a) Skizze f (für eine künstlerische Arbeit)

b) Riss m (für Bauten, Maschinen etc)

c) Konzept n (für ein Schriftstück etc):

draft agreement Vertragsentwurf;

draft law Gesetzentwurf

3. (Luft-, Kessel-, Ofen)Zug m:

there is an awful draft es zieht fürchterlich;

feel the draught Br umg den Wind im Gesicht spüren fig, in finanziellen Nöten sein;

sit in a draft im Zug sitzen;

protect a plant from drafts eine Pflanze vor Zugluft schützen

4. TECH Zugreguliervorrichtung f (an einem Ofen etc)

5. a) Ziehen n

b) gezogene Menge oder Last

6. fig Heranziehen n, Inanspruchnahme f, starke Beanspruchung ( alle:

on, upon gen):

make a draft on Hilfsmittel etc heranziehen, in Anspruch nehmen;

make a draft on sb’s friendship jemandes Freundschaft in Anspruch nehmen

7. Abhebung f (von Geld):

make a draft on one’s account Geld von seinem Konto abheben

8. WIRTSCH

a) schriftliche Zahlungsanweisung

b) Scheck m

c) Tratte f, (trassierter) Wechsel

d) Ziehung f, Trassierung f:

draft (payable) at sight Sichttratte, -wechsel;

make out a draft on sb auf jemanden einen Wechsel ziehen

9. Abordnung f, Auswahl f, (von Personen)

10. MIL US

a) Einberufung f, Einziehung f

b) Aufgebot n, Wehrdienstpflichtige pl

11. MIL

a) (Sonder)Kommando n, (abkommandierte) Abteilung

b) Ersatz(truppe) m(f)

12. WIRTSCH

a) Überschlag m (der Waage)

b) Gutgewicht n (für Verluste beim Auswiegen etc)

13. Gießerei: Verjüngung f, Konizität f (des Modells)

14. SCHIFF Tiefgang m

15. → draught A

B v/t

1. entwerfen, skizzieren, ein Schriftstück aufsetzen, abfassen

2. (fort-, ab-, weg)ziehen

3. Personen (zu einem bestimmten Zweck) auswählen

4. MIL

a) US (zum Wehrdienst) einberufen, einziehen ( into zu)

b) Truppen abkommandieren

5. besonders Eishockey: US einen Spieler draften, sich die Rechte sichern an (dat)

6. Aus Schafe etc aussortieren

C v/i besonders Automobilsport: im Windschatten fahren

D adj

1. Zug…:

draft animal;

draft horse;

draft ga(u)ge TECH Zugmesser m

2. MIL

a) US Einberufungs…:

draft act Rekrutierungsgesetz n;

draft board Musterungskommission f;

draft dodger pej Drückeberger m

b) US einberufen

c) abkommandiert

* * *
1. noun
1) (rough copy) (of speech) Konzept, das; (of treaty, parliamentary bill) Entwurf, der; attrib.

draft copy/version — Konzept, das

2) (plan of work) Skizze, die; [Bau-, Riß-]zeichnung, die

3) (Mil.): (detaching for special duty) Sonderkommando, das; (Brit.): (those detached) Abkommandierte Pl.

4) (Amer. Mil.): (conscription) Einberufung, die; (those conscripted) Wehrpflichtige Pl.; Einberufene Pl.

5) (Commerc.): (cheque drawn) Wechsel, der; Tratte, die

6) (Amer.) see draught
2. transitive verb
1) (make rough copy of) entwerfen

2) (Mil.) abkommandieren

3) (Amer. Mil.): (conscript) einberufen

* * *

(US) n.

Zug ¨-e (Schornstein) m. (payable) at sight (banking) n.

Sichtwechsel m. (banking) n.

Tratte -n f. (military) n.

Einberufung f. n.

Ausarbeitung f.

Einziehung (Militär) f.

Entwurf -¨e m.

Scheck -s m.

Skizze -n f.

Trassierung f.

Zahlungsanweisung f.

Zeichnung f.

Ziehung -en f. (into) v.

einberufen v.

einziehen (zu)

(Militär) ausdr. (military) v.

abkommandieren (Militär) v. v.

abfassen v.

aufsetzen (Schriftstück) v.

auswählen v.

entwerfen v.

skizzieren v.

English-german dictionary > draft

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in the preliminary stages

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